THE  PAST IS NOT ANOTHER COUNTRY

 

Taslima Nasrin

 

 

 

 

 

Growing Up

 

 

       I was born in 1962 in a small town called Mymensingh in what then was East Pakistan. After it gained its independence, the country was called Bangladesh. Before I was born, India partitioned Bengal based on its people’s religion - East Bengal became East Pakistan, which was 1000 miles away from West Pakistan. Also, before I was born, the language-movement orchestrated by the Bengali people with  the demand of  establishing Bengali as the state language of East Pakistan, led  to the death of some protesters who were killed by West Pakistani rulers. When I was six, I became aware in 1969 of the uprising of Bengali people, and when nine I witnessed a war to get freedom of the land on the basis of a great spirit of secularism. 

       My childhood was not much different from that of other girls of my generation. I was sent to a school like other girls. Girls typically attended school, but they frequently dropped out when they were fifteen or sixteen, ages at which they often were given into marriage by their parents. Few girls had a chance to continue their studies, for after an arranged marriage they were not allowed to continue studying nor could they take a job. They became totally dependent upon their husbands.  I observed that all girls or women had to have male masters. When they are young, the father is their guardian, after marriage it is their husband, and during old age it is  their son.

       It was usual for us children to read the Qur’an in Arabic early  in the morning, and like all other children in Bangladesh I did this. But I found myself asking questions. I wanted to know what I was reading, what the meaning of the Qu’ranic verses were. Our language is Bengali, not Arabic, and it was impossible to know the meaning of the verses that we read. We simply  read, without comprehending what we were reading.    When I asked my mother to tell me the meaning of what I was reading, she explained that the meaning was not important. What was important is that Allah will be happy that I am reading the Qur’an in its original language. However, I was not satisfied with the answer my mother gave me.

       When I was thirteen years old, I found a book that translated the Qur’an into Bengali. To my surprise, I found Allah saying that men are superior to women.  Men could  have up to four wives. Men could  divorce their wives any time they want. Men are allowed to beat women. Women are not allowed to give testimony in some legal cases. Women are not allowed to inherit the property of their father equally with their brothers. I was definitely in shock to discover such injustices and inequalities in a holy book.

       I realized that Islam does not consider woman  full  human being. Man was the original creation and womankind was created secondarily for the pleasure of man. Islam considers   woman nothing more than  slaves or sexual object. The  woman’s role is to stay at home and to obey her husband, for this is her religious duty. Women are considered weak, so they should be taken care of, their body and mind, their desire and wishes, their rights and freedom must be controlled by men. Islam treats women as being intellectually, morally, and physically inferior. In marriage, Islam protects the rights of men and men only. The Qu’ran gave total freedom to men saying, "Your women are as your field, go unto them as you will.” (2.223) And Allah says very clearly that men have authority over women: "Men have authority over women because Allah has made the one superior to the other and because they spend their wealth to maintain them. Good women are obedient. They guard their unseen parts because Allah has guarded them. As for those from whom you fear disobedience, admonish them, forsake them in beds apart, and beat them. Then, if they obey you, take no further action against them. Surely Allah is all-knowing and wise.” (4.34)

       Women are ordered by Allah to run to their husbands wherever they are, whatever they do. The Hadith says that two prayers that never reach the heavens are (1) those of the escaping slaves and (2) those of the reluctant woman who frustrates her husband at night.

       Islam considers women psychologically inferior. Women’s testimony is not allowed in cases of marriage, divorce, and Hudud. Hudud are the punishments of Islamic law for adultery, fornication, adultery against a married person, apostasy, theft, robbery, and so forth. If any woman is raped, she has to produce four male witnesses to the court. If she cannot, there is no charge against the rapist. In Islamic law, the testimony of two women is worth that of one man. In any case in which a man suspects his wife of adultery or denies the legitimacy of the offspring, his testimony is worth that of four witnesses. A woman does not have the right to charge her husband in a similar manner.

       Women are not allowed to inherit the property equally with their brothers. In the case of inheritance, Allah says, "A male shall inherit twice as much as a female.” (4.11-12)

       And after all the rights and freedom, after getting all the sexual pleasure and pleasure of being the master, Allah will reward the men with wine, food, and seventy-two virgins in Paradise, including their wives of the earth. Allah said, "They relax on luxurious furnishings, and we match them with beautiful virgins.” (52.19-20). "Near them, shall be blushing virgins with large beautiful eyes who will be like hidden pearls.” ( 37.48-49)  And what is the reward for the pious woman? Nothing but the very husband  that caused her  suffering throughout her life  on earth.  

       I was a student of science, so it was hard to accept that the sun moves around the earth, that the moon has its own light, and that the purpose of mountains is to support the earth so it will not fall down somewhere (31.10, 41.10). I came to suspect that the Qur’an was not written by Allah but, rather, by a selfish greedy man who wanted only his own comfort. Then I read the Hadith, the words of Muhammad. I found different events of Prophet Muhammad’s life in which, when he had problems, Allah solved them immediately. For example, when  he was sexually aroused by seeing his daughter-in-law,  Allah sent him a message saying he could marry her because his son Zaid was  adopted.  Since Zaid was not his  real son, so the marriage was therefore justified. Further, he created a new rule, that Muslims would not be allowed to adopt any child.

        I was so shocked to see that Allah, who is considered the judge of everything, gave Muhammad a blank cheque saying, "Prophet, we have made lawful for you the wives to whom you have granted dowries and the slave-girls whom Allah has given you as booty, the daughters of your paternal and maternal uncles and of your paternal and maternal aunts who fled with you, and any believing woman who gives herself to the prophet and whom the prophet wishes to take in marriage. This privilege is yours alone, being granted to no other believer." (33.50)

       Muhammad married thirteen times, one of his brides being six-year-old Ayesha. Allah, he said, told him that he was allowed to enjoy his wives, his female slaves, and all the the captive women he had. He put his beautiful young wife Ayesha behind the curtain because he did not want his friends looking admiringly at her. Allah, he said, told his friends that they should not go to the Prophet’s house any time they want but if they go, they should not look at any of his wives or ask any of them for something. He was so jealous that he introduced the veil for his wives and, ultimately, for all Muslim women.

       To support Muhammad, the Qu’ran, the holy book says, “O wives of the prophet, you are not the same as other women, if you keep your duty, you shall not speak too softly, lest he whose heart is a disease aspire to you, but utter customary speech.” (33.32). “You shall settle down in your homes and not mingle with the people excessively, the way you used to do in the old days of ignorance. You shall observe prayers, and give the obligatory charity, and obey Allah and his messenger. Allah wishes to remove unholiness from you.” (33.33)

       And Allah asked the friends of Muhammad, "O you who believe, do not enter the prophets’ homes unless you are given permission to eat, nor shall you force such an invitation in any manner. If you are invited, you may enter. When you finish eating, you shall leave, do not engage him in lengthy conversations. This used to hurt the prophet, and he was too shy to tell you. But Allah does not shy away from the truth. If you have to ask his wives for something, ask them from behind a curtain. This is purer for your hearts and their hearts. You are not to hurt the messenger of Allah. You shall not marry his wives after him, for this would be gross offence in the sight of Allah.” (33.53) 

       Even though widow-marriage was legal, Muhammad made his wives illegal to be married even after his death.

       Allah is also concerned about the veil, saying in the Qu’ran, “O prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the women of other believers that they shall lengthen their clothes. Thus, they will be recognized (as righteous women) and not annoyed.” (33.59)

       So, women have to cover themselves from  head to toe because otherwise men might see them and start having sexual urges. In numerous hadiths, which are based on the Islamic laws, I have found that the woman’s role is to stay at home and to obey her husband, for this is her religious duty. "The women who die and with whom the husband is satisfied will go to heaven. A wife should never refuse  herself to her husband’s call for sex  even if it is on the saddle of a camel or she is on the top of the burning oven."

       A hadith collected by Bukhari quotes Muhammad as saying, on the occasion of his

night trip for the heavenly summit, that he had noticed that Hell was populated above all by women, and he confessed in the same vein according to a different hadith that "if it had been given to me to order someone to be submissive to someone other than Allah, I would certainly have ordered women to be submissive to their husbands, so great are a husband’s rights over his wife."

       Inasmuch as most of these traditions are invented, what matters here is not whether these words were actually spoken by the prophet. What matters is that they are believed to have been spoken and so are part of Islamic culture. 
Omar, the second Islamic Caliph, said, "Prevent the women from learning to write, say no to their capricious ways."  Ali, the fourth Caliph, said, "Woman is an evil and what is worse is that it is a necessary evil."

       There are still more bits of advice about how to be a good Muslim. For example:


1. You should never ask a woman her advice because her advice is worthless. Hide them so that they cannot see other men! Do not spend too much time in their company for they will lead you to your downfall.

                                                               
2. Men, never ever obey your women. Never let them advise you on any matter concerning your daily life. If you let them advise you they will squander all your possessions and disobey all your orders and desires. When alone they forget religion and think only of themselves, and as soon as it concerns their carnal desires they are without pity or virtue. It is easy to get pleasure from them but they give you big headaches too.

 
After I read what was written about the women in the Qu’ran, it became clear to me that the Qu’ran was not written by Allah, but rather that some selfish greedy man had written the Qu’ran for his own self-interest.  So I stopped believing in Islam. I threw off the veil, the sign of oppression, which my mother wanted me to wear. I tried to convince other women not to wear the  veil and to read the Qu’ran in order to understand its stated meaning, so that they could understand that Islam is patriarchal and oppresses women. There is no  way to  attain  freedom and the right  to live as human beings other than to cross the barrier of religion and patriarchy. When I studied other religions, I found that they also oppressed women. All religions are oppressive to women.  Women are oppressed not only by religion, by traditions, and by customs but also by cultures too. All religions were created by men for their own interest, for their own comfort, for their own fun. Women have no significant role in any of the major world religion. Gradually, however, secularism has been bringing changes, but Islam still remains in the dark. I believe that education is a candle in the dark. A secular education is important – no, it is a requirement - for changing society. It is important for the peaceful evolving of what a society   is and should be. It is imperative that children receive a secular education. All the children of this Earth deserve to learn about all the religions, but they also deserve the right of freedom from religion, to learn about the alternatives of atheism and humanism or just plain ethical living. If children are taught humanistically, society will evolve in a progressive, positive way. If women have any wish to live with dignity and honor, the traditional family structure absolutely has to change. The new society  I envision is one in which love, not religion and patriarchy, rules.

 

       As I grew up, I kept observing the condition of women in our society. My mother, for example, was a perfect example of a woman oppressed. She had  been given into marriage when she was but a child. Although  she excelled as a  student in school, but she was not allowed to continue her studies. My grandfather and my father did not want her to study, for what they wanted was for her to be a good housewife, a good mother, a good caretaker. My father, a physician, had a scientific outlook but was very domineering. He did not allow me the freedom to play, to go outside, to meet friends, to go to the cinema or theatre, or to read any book that was not in a syllabus. He wanted me to earn a medical degree so he could say that one of his children followed his path. On the one hand, he wanted me to be independent, but on the other hand he wanted to find a good match for me inasmuch as educated men often desire an educated wife. In our house, I grew up with much fear, having to keep inside my heart all my desire for freedom and curiosity for the outside world. I was not allowed to step outside the house except to go to my school. As a result, I developed a passion for reading practically anything I could get my hands on, including:  books, fiction, poetry, essays. And I had another passion: to write poetry.

       Growing up, I naturally had the belief that girls surely must be inferior to boys, for boys could play in a big field whereas girls had to play with their dolls in a corner of the house. My brothers were free to  go anywhere they wanted, and could watch any games, could play anything they wanted to play. I could not. My sister could not. I was told that girls were not made for such, that their role was to stay home, learn how to cook, make beds, and clean the house. My mother was not the only woman who was oppressed, for I saw my aunts, my female neighbors, and other female acquaintances who were playing the same roles, that of being oppressed. In our minds, torture of women was not oppression but, rather, was tradition. We become accustomed to tradition. As I grew, I realized that I was a part of the tradition but also that I was being oppressed the same as other women. I realized that whether women are poor or rich, beautiful or ugly, have blue or black or brown eyes, have white, black or brown skin, are unmarried or married, illiterate or literate, clever or stupid, all are oppressed. Everywhere women are oppressed. And all because of male-devised patriarchy, religion, tradition, culture, and customs.

       

 

 

 

Rising Islamic Fundamentalism in the 1990’s

 

   

    A Chronology of Relevant  Events

 

1947                 India was divided. When the British withdrew, the Islamic majority areas of India became self-governing. Pakistan was born and was divided into two sections, West Pakistan and East Pakistan, areas that were nearly one thousand miles apart on opposite sides of India. The partition was based upon religion

1952                 A language movement started in East Pakistan and demanded that the state language should be Bengali, not Urdu. West Pakistan rulers killed protesters.

1969                 An uprising occurred against the West Pakistan ruler.

1971                 War began between West and East Pakistan, proving that Muslim unity was a myth. This also proved that the partition of India into two nations was wrong. Bangladesh was born.

1975                 Sheik Mujibur Rahman, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh  was killed in a military coup. The military, using their power, legitimized their power by using religion.

1984                 The secular Bangladesh Constitution was changed. The Jamat e Islami, which collaborated with the Pakistani Army during the war of 1971, got the license to be political, based on religion – this had been banned following independence.

1988                 Islam was introduced as the state religion. Hindus, Christians, and Buddhists automatically became second-class citizens.

1990                 Muslim fundamentalists began attacking Hindus in Bangladesh. Democracy was re-established.

1992                 After the Babri Mosque was demolished by Hindu fundamentalists in India, the Muslim fundamentalists began attacking Hindus, leading to their exodus to India.

1990s                Islamic fundamentalist gained strength because of Bangladesh rulers and political parties that used religion for their own interest and for short-term gains in order to obtain votes from the ignorant masses. The fundamentalists' Islam Party became the third largest political party within a short period of time. The fundamentalist movement that turned against me started in the early 1990s.

 

 

 

            Humankind is facing an uncertain future. The probability of new kinds of rivalry and conflict loom large - in particular, the conflict between two different ideas: secularism and fundamentalism. I do not agree with those who think that the conflict is simply between two religions - namely, Christianity and Islam. After all, there are fundamentalists in every religious community. Likewise, I do not agree with those people who think that the crusades of the Middle Ages are going to be repeated soon. Nor do I think that this is a conflict between East and West. To me, this conflict is basically between irrational blind faith and the modern rational, logical mind. To me, this is a conflict between modernity and anti-modernism. While some people want to go forward, others are trying to go back. It is a conflict between the future and the past, between innovation and tradition, between those who value freedom and those who do not.

       The basic argument of the fundamentalists is this: the idea of secularism is Western in origin. The imperialistic West sold its idea of secularism to the nationalist leaders of the newly independent states so that the West could dominate the indigenous culture and religion by proxy. After the breakup of the Soviet Union and the failure of the West to solve all the problems of humankind - because the West is basically a-religious and devoid of morality - there was a renewed challenge to the Western value system. A belief grew among the majority people of western Asia and sub-Saharan Africa that Islam should go back to its roots to find an alternative to Western life, culture, values, and institutions. There are, of course, many other reasons for the resurgence of religious fundamentalism, but these are the primary ones.

       In Bangladesh, Islamic fundamentalism has been on a rise since the beginning of the 1980’s. I  have difficulty in accepting fundamentalism as an alternative to secular ideas. The reasons are many: first, the insistence of fundamentalists on divine justification for human laws; second, the insistence of fundamentalists upon the superior authority of faith, as opposed to reason; third, the insistence of fundamentalists that the individual does not count, that the individual is immaterial. Group loyalty over individual rights and personal achievements is a peculiar feature of fundamentalism. Fundamentalists believe in a particular way of life; they want to put everybody in their particular straitjacket and dictate what an individual should eat, what an individual should wear, how an individual should live everyday life - everything is to be determined by fundamentalist authority. Fundamentalists do not believe in individualism, liberty of personal choice, or plurality of thought. Moreover, as they are believers in a particular faith, they believe in propagating only their own ideas, the same as autocrats generally do. They do not encourage or entertain free debate, they deny others the right to express their own views freely, and they cannot tolerate anything that they perceive as going against their faith. They do not believe in an open society and, though they proclaim themselves a moral force, their language is that of hatred and violence. As true believers, they are out to "save the souls" of the people of their country by force of arms if necessary.

       True, the imperialist West did not establish and rule over its colonies by peaceful means. It did not colonize the countries with idealism, enlightenment, and democratic values. So when the fundamentalists argue that they are paying back their old adversaries in the same coin, they may find some sympathetic listeners even in the West. But, and it is incontrovertible, the fight is not between the former colonial powers and newly independent nations. The war is between two ideas of our time: secularism vs. fundamentalism. So the doctrine of "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth . . . burning for burning, wound for wound" is totally irrelevant here. The fundamentalists want to replace democracy with theocracy and to impose old theocratic laws instead of modern secular laws on the members of their own society, not on other distant powerful states that they consider their enemies. Though it has a global dimension, Islamic fundamentalism is also a local phenomenon. In reality, there is no such thing as an "Islamic front" embracing all the states of the world that have a Muslim majority. It has been proved time and again that pan-Islam is just an aspiration. There is no end of fighting between different Muslim states. The war between Iraq and Iran and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait are examples of the animosity between states run by Muslims. The civil war in Afghanistan is also a reminder of this. In fact, even if we assume that the first loyalty of a Muslim is to his or her religion, that person is first and foremost a member of a nation state.

       All the various Islamic groups are actually artificially constituted by the rulers of different countries to buttress their own position. Often, these groups are initiated by despotic rulers who use Islam to perpetuate their despotic rule. For example, my country of Bangladesh was once a part of Pakistan. Pakistan regarded it simply as a colony and exploited its people the same way a colonial power would, even though most of the population consisted of fellow Muslims. It tried to impose its own language and culture on our people. When the war of liberation began, Pakistani soldiers brutally murdered the freedom fighters. Like an occupation army, they burnt village after village, raped women, and committed all sorts of crimes against our people. The liberation war of Bangladesh proved that religious unity among Muslims was a myth. It was Bengali culture that unified the Muslims and Hindus of the land and gave them their real identity.

       In Bangladesh, the basis of nationalism was Bengali culture. No doubt religion plays an important role in the lives of Bengalese whether Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, or Christian. But it was the Bengali language and culture that shaped our nationalism. Thus, the founding fathers declared Bangladesh a secular, democratic country. But successive military generals who usurped power gave up secularism and declared the country an Islamic state in order to make themselves popular among the ignorant masses. When, after more than a decade, democracy was finally restored in 1990, the elected leaders did not restore secularism as the guiding spirit of the constitution. They, too, felt that, because religion is important to the ignorant, illiterate masses, it is a useful tool for control. Even the opposition is hesitant to disturb the fundamentalists for fear of losing political support. In short, when almost all the political parties make political hay out of religious sentiments, there is no reason why the situation would not be favorable for the fundamentalists.

       Bangladesh is not yet governed by mullahs, however. Political power is still not in the hands of any religious fundamentalist party. When the mullahs issue a fatwa from time to time, their fatwas have no constitutional legitimacy or legal sanction. But seldom is any action taken against them. A disinterested observer might say that this indicates a compromise with fundamentalism, and the question then follows as to how to rectify such a situation. I do not think the government or the other democratic parties are really worried about this development in Bangladesh. The Hindu minority has suffered inasmuch as they are considered second-class citizens. Some day the  political leaders conceivably might have to pay a high price for today's small gains. In the meantime, common people will continue suffering because of the activities of the fundamentalists. If only there were faster economic growth, less unemployment, and better access to education, I think the situation would be different. Until such miracles happen, democrats will have to bear the brunt of fundamentalism in my country. Women will have to suffer not only discrimination but also ignominy and violence, and human rights will remain but a dream for many.

 

       Women’s suffering is increasing at an alarmingly rate because of the rise of fundamentalism. The panic is felt in the villages where women are sometimes stoned to death, the girls' schools are shut down and burnt by the fundamentalists, and girls are not allowed to study. Female workers are forced to quit their jobs – otherwise, they are rejected by the society or their husbands and are forced to divorce them. Writers and intellectuals at one time wrote against the fundamentalists. I did, also. In addition, I wrote something that others failed to write: I wrote that the root of fundamentalism is religion itself. So long as religion remains, fundamentalism will remain. To remove fundamentalism we have to replace religion with something rational. First, I empahasized that the state should be separate from religion. In my poetry, fiction, and non-fiction as well as in newspaper columns, I tried to make people understand that religion in no way gives freedom or equality or justice.

       The fundamentalists talk about morality, alleging that being religious guarantees that people will be good, will be moral. I certainly believe in morality, for certain, but my belief is not religion-based. My belief was, like that of the ancient Indian philosophy, of not doing anything to others that you don’t want done to you. That was all, and that was enough. Such an outlook became part of my conscience, and it made me an honest person. The biggest tragedy of mankind is that   morality is hijacked by religion. Actually, morality has nothing to do with religion.

        The fundamentalists became angry upon hearing my views. They got furious when I said, Let the pavilions of religion be ground to bits, let the bricks of temples, mosques, churches be burned in blind fire, and upon those heaps of destruction let lovely flower gardens grow, spreading their fragrance. Let children’s schools and study halls grow. For the welfare of humanity, let prayer halls be turned into hospitals, orphanages, schools, universities. Let prayer halls become academies of art, fine arts centers, scientific research institutes. Let prayer halls be turned to golden rice fields in the radiant dawn, open fields, rivers, restless seas. From now on let religion’s other name be humanity.

 

 

Protest

 

       Nobody told me to protest, but I naturally developed a strong feeling that it was important to fight oppression. Nobody asked me to shed a tear, but I did. I started writing against oppression of women. I found my protests got the attention of readers and that people either hated me or they loved me. 

       However, those who hated what I wrote organized  demonstrations against me, and people began protesting by marching through the streets of  Bangladesh. The religionists assaulted me publicly. They burned my books, burned me in effigy, and broke into the bookshops where my books were kept. They filed blasphemy cases against me, they issued a fatwa against me, and even  set a price on my head. The government then confiscated my passport, asking me not to write any more if I hoped to keep my job as a medical doctor in a public hospital. In protest, I quit my  job.

       I continued writing. I continued defending women. I demanded  loudly for equality and justice, justice for all people whatever their religion or gender. I spoke loudly in defense  of secularism. I spoke against any religious laws in which women are oppressed. Women continue to be flogged, stoned to death, raped. Even more alarming is the fact that women are blamed for their own rape, while they rapists go free. Women have been suffering from trafficking, from slavery, from all sorts of discrimination. Men have thrown acid on women’s faces and walked away as happy men. Women are not considered as human beings, not by religion, not by so-called tradition. For a couple, the most unwanted thing is a female baby. If a female baby is born, either the wife gets a divorce for her crime of having given birth of a female, or the wife must spend her life with disgrace.  By writing books, I wanted to do something constructive, I wanted to help women understand that they are oppressed but do not need to be. I wanted to encourage them to fight for their rights and freedom. I wanted to make women realize the conspiracy of state, society and religion to prevent women from living  like human beings. My voice, however, gave women the chance to think differently. Some things started to change. Some girls, who had to quit their study, started studying again. The battered and oppressed wives started raising their voices and said NO MORE.

       That, however, did not make the religionists or the male chauvinists happy. As a result, the fundamentalists took the stand of absolutely not tolerating any of my views. They objected to  women breaking their oppressive  chains and becoming free, and they could not tolerate my saying that the Qu’ran is out of place, out of time, and that secular law with a uniform civil code for women is a necessity. Extremists broke into newspaper offices, sued my editors, publishers, and me. They demanded my execution by hanging. Hundreds of thousands of angry people demonstrated on the street. They called general strikes all over the country for months and months, insisting that I be killed.  After the demolition of Babri Mosque in India by the Hindu fundamentalist group In December 1992, the revolt broke out in Bangladesh and the Muslim fundamentalists started destroying Hindu households and shops run by Hindus. Atrocities were committed against the Hindu community, forcing many to leave the country in a dramatic exodus. I wrote a documentary novel called Shame, in which I criticized the government for not giving security to the people. 

    I defended the oppressed, the poor, the women, and the various ethnic and religious minorities. For the sake of humanity, I have endeavored to stand beside them.

 

 

 

 

The Fundamentalists' Movement:

 

1. Smash Taslima Committee 1992

 

       In 1992, a Smash Taslima Committee was established. Their intent was that, wherever they found me, they would smash me. Male students of universities with right-wing and conservative ideas led the movement. They marched in the book fair with a banner proclaiming that I was damaging society, that I was making girls and women into filthy people, and that therefore I should be smashed. They burned my books in the middle of the national book fair as well as threatened the bookshops if they did not remove my books. Fortunately, a book fair committee rescued me, and I was sent home by the police. Because of the ongoing protests, the book fair group became intimidated and it became too dangerous for me to attend the book fair. I was blacklisted, unable to visit my favorite place, the book fair.

       The reasons for the oppositions to my writings  included that I had written on behalf of women's rights, that women should not shut their mouths, they should swim if they liked to swim, they should go out of the house if they liked to, they should break their chains and make themselves free. Also, they should not fall into the negativistic male views concerning virginity, chastity, and motherhood. Females, in short, should have the right to enjoy life. It was such a rational thing that I wrote about!

       In traditional societies, a long legacy has existed of men  controlling the bodies and minds of women. Such societies have valorized motherhood and fabricated concepts like chastity. For thousands of years, women have been the victims of such notions. Men are allowed to have multiple relationships and affairs and to talk about them, but if a woman writes about love and her sexuality, she is immediately defiled and called treacherous as well as abominable. In times of darkness, the female who speaks out against patriarchy, speaks for emancipation, and tries to break free from her chains is called a "fallen woman." In one of the prefaces to my book, A Fallen Woman's Fallen Prose, I wrote about how delighted I was to call myself a fallen woman. I knew I would be called a whore, but I believe that in this world, for a woman to be pure and to be true to herself, she must become a fallen woman. Only then, when called a "whore," can she know that she is free form the coils of society's dictates. The "fallen" woman actually is a pure and pristine human being. I truly believe that if a woman wants to earn her freedom and be a human, she has to be willing to earn the label that is unreasonably uttered by a fallen, degenerate society. She will then be accorded the honor of being free.

 

 

2. The Physical Attack on Me at the National Book Fair, February 1993

 

       At the National Book Fair, February 1993, I was physically attacked by the fundamentalists. Even though I was not supposed to go to the book fair any more, as per last year's warning, I went. At the book stall where I sat and signed autographs, I noticed that suddenly I was being surrounded by hundreds of men who began throwing stones at me and shouting abuse. They broke lights bulbs, made the stall dark, and pushed hard to come inside the stall. Clearly, they intended to kill me. Fortunately, the people who worked at the book stall and the police saved my life. The book fair committee warned me to never again return to the book fair.

       After a few months, the Government on 11 July 1993 announced that it had banned my book, the printing, selling, distributing  and keeping of my book was therefore punishable by law, claiming that the ban was necessary in order to avoid communal disturbances. Actually, the Government banned the book because I had criticized the Government. The ban gave a kind of legitimacy to the Muslim fundamentalists, who demanded in demonstrations that I be executed. I was called an agent of RAW (Research and Analysis Wing), India's foreign intelligence agency (India’s equivalent of CIA). Moreover, I have not gotten  the  support that I should have received  from my fellow writers in Bangladesh  who were expected to believe in freedom of expression. Worse, some writers and intellectuals insulted me, saying I was given an award by India because I wrote against Islam. They even claimed that I used BJP, the Hindu fundamentalists' political party’s  money  with which to buy a house. All these lies, perpetuated by the media, legitimized my being   physically attacked in public.

 

 

 

 

3. Books and Articles Written Against Me

 

       Daily, I found articles  In their newspapers written by the fundamentalists  against me. In a several  different ways, they tried to prove that I was an immoral writer and a poor role model. The fundamentalists insisted that I was no more than an    apostate, and that I should be dumped or killed. Numerous books and articles were written to tell  just how bad, how nasty, how idiotic, how cunning, how filthy, how atheistic I am. How Taslima Should be Punished by Islamic Rule was one, on the back cover of which was the verse of the Qur'an to the effect that if anyone rejected Islam that person's right hand and left leg should be cut off, and then the left hand and the right leg should also be cut off. My crime was extreme because I was born into a Muslim family, was considered Muslim, rejected Islam, and I was therefore murtad. The following punishments from the Qur'an they suggested for me.

       Apostasy in Islam is punishable by death:

 

                Make no excuse; you have disbelieved after you had believed. If we pardon                   some of you, we will punish others amongst you because they were criminals. [Qur'an 9:66]

 

Verily, those who disbelieved after their belief and then went on increasing in their disbelief - never will their repentance be accepted [because they repent only by their tongues and not from their hearts]. And they are those who are astray. Verily, those who disbelieved, and died while they were disbelievers, the (whole) earth full of gold will not be accepted from anyone of them even if they offered it as a ransom. For them is a painful torment and they will have no helpers. [Qur'an 3:90-91]

 

O you who believe! Whoever from among you turns back from his religion, Allah will bring a people whom He will love and they will love Him; humble towards the believers, stern towards the disbelievers, fighting in the Way of Allah, and never afraid of the blame of the blamers. That is the Grace of Allah which He bestows on whom He wills. And Allah is All-Sufficient for His creatures' needs, All-Knower. [Qu'ran 5:54]

 

 

O Prophet (Muhammad)! Strive hard against the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be harsh against them, their abode is Hell, - and worst indeed is that destination. They swear by Allah that they said nothing (bad), but really they said the word of disbelief, and they disbelieved after accepting Islam, and they resolved that which they were unable to carry out, and they could not find any cause to do so except that Allah and His Messenger had enriched them of His Bounty. If then they repent, it will be better for them, but if they turn away, Allah will punish them with a painful torment in this worldly life and in the Hereafter. And there is none for them on earth as a Walî (supporter, protector) or a helper. [Qu'ran 9:73-74]

 

The following verse is about the Meccans who, after accepting Islam, did not want to emigrate at Muhammad's behest or wanted to go back to Mecca, to their homes and lives. Muhammad ordered his followers to kill those who defect from the camp. This is a very harsh sentence against the Muslims who were tired  and just wanted to go home. These verses were shown to me just as an example of what kind of punishment I deserve under Islam. 

 

They long that ye should disbelieve even as they disbelieve, that ye may be upon a level (with them). So choose not friends from them till they for sake their homes in the way of Allah; if they turn back (to enmity) then take them and kill them wherever ye find them, and choose no friend nor helper from among them. [Quran 4:89]

 

They swear by Allah that they said nothing (evil), but indeed they uttered  blasphemy, and they did  it after accepting Islam; and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out: this revenge of theirs was (their) only return for the bounty with which Allah and His Messenger had enriched them! If they repent, it will be best for them; but if they turn back (to their evil ways), Allah will punish them with a grievous penalty in this life and in the Hereafter: They shall have none on earth to protect or help them. (Qu'ran 9:74)

 

Also, many hadiths confirm what is in the Qu'ran about the harsh treatment of the apostates.

             Some of the books written against me complained that I was a male-hater, that I was destroying  the structure of the family, and  that I promoted immorality and impurity among the  girls and women. Because I had rejected the idea that women should be submissive, that it was the natural character of females, therefore I should be punished, my mouth should be shut, and my pen should forever be taken away. I should not be allowed to destroy the society.

          By writing against the patriarchal system, male chauvinists claimed that I really was showing my hatred for males. And the rumors flew, people became confused, and individuals questioned my motives. Was I really a man-hater?  Did I have other reasons for thinking the way I did? Was I fighting against men for personal reasons?

 

4. My Passport was  Confiscated

 

 

       The Government confiscated my passport while I was in the airport and just before I boarded the airplane. I was going to India, having been invited to attend a poetry festivalOther poets who were with me were allowed to go, but not me. My passport, I was told, would be returned to me the next day. But I did not get it back the next day, not even after 6 months or 1 year later. I got back my passport when the human rights organizations outside Bangladesh’s border successfully pressured their governments to pressure the Bangladesh government to give me back my passport. Because of PEN, Amnesty International, and some human rights organization movements, I received help from the government of the United States of America. Officials from the American Embassy came to my home to learn how my passport was confiscated. Because of their intervention, I got back my passport a year and a half after it was confiscated. 

 

 

 

5. I Was  Forced to Quit My Job

 

       The Bangladesh government, in addition to  confiscating my passport, demanded that I  choose between  my job as a medical doctor in a public hospital  and  having the right to publish books and write columns in the newspapers. I refused  to be censored.  Then the Government punished me by transferring me to the remote village in Bangladesh from the Anesthesia department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital where I had been working as a medical doctor. I wanted to protest against the  unethical behavior of the Health Department. The Government is much more powerful than I am.  I could not win the battle. But I showed my protest. In protest, I quit my job.

 

 

6. The Fatwa and Demonstrations

 

       The fundamentalists were not the ones responsible for the  banning of my book Lajja (Shame). It was the Bangladesh government. Fundamentalists asked the Government to ban selected columns I had written and Fallen Prose of Fallen Women, about the emancipation of women.

       The Islamists were angry with me everywhere in the country. They spat at my name, showing their extreme hatred toward me. Now, whenever a female raises her voice, or protests oppression, she is called “a Taslima.” It became an everyday phenomenon for cheap tabloids and the fundamentalists’ newspapers and magazines to attack me. And it became commonplace to see leaflets and the posters against me.

       One day on the wall next to my house, I found the first of many posters, others being on my father’s clinic, that proclaimed, “Taslima Nasrin is a filthy, nasty witch, a bitch, a sinner, a sex-lover, a prostitute, an antireligious and anti-Islam atheist! All are warned to stay far away from this filthy woman.”

       On another day I found on the front page of a daily newspaper that at a public meeting in Sylhet a holy man, Moulana Habibur Rahman, had announced a price for my head. The price was 50,000 taka, a little more than $1,000 but a huge amount of money in the poor country of Bangladesh. This made me shiver, for I knew that processions and demonstrations were being arranged against me. My name was being uttered abusively in every mosque in the country, particularly on Fridays. Posters and leaflets were printed and put up on walls, all saying bad things about me, all containing hateful statements. I was demonized daily in Islamic ceremonies, religious gatherings, and rituals.

       Bangladesh is a democratic country, but who gave the holy man and his followers permission to aggressively offend me in such a fashion! Worse, they actually demanded my execution. Moulana Habibur Rahman called for a half-day hartal, or general strike, one that would close the city down, the schools, the offices, everything. Even vehicles were not to be allowed to operate. Because it was called by a fundamentalist group, I did not think it would be successful. Only if some political party’s leaders agreed would any such a hartal succeed. To my surprise, however, a half-day hartal was observed in Sylhet by Sahaba Soinik Parishad (Soldiers of Islam).

       Now, when on the street I rode in a rickshaw, men who saw me shouted such things as, “Oh, look, look, it’s Taslima. Look at the bitch. Grab her. Grab this slut. Oh, look, the atheist, the whore, is here.” I could only cry out to my rickshaw puller to go faster, to get away from them. And I feared leaving my own house. One day, some bearded men tried to break into my place, for they knew that police security had been suddenly withdrawn by the government.

       Upon the advice of friends, I asked for police protection. But only when human rights organizations outside Bangladesh’s border put pressure upon the government was I given some protection. That meant, however, that I was prisoner in my own house. It was not safe for me to leave, even to make necessary trips to any public places. The two security guards who stayed at my house’s door did not accompany me when I left. Meanwhile, I received many hateful phone calls from unknown people who threatened to kill me.

       In their fight against me, The  Mosques and the Mullahs   were very active. The Imams, the men who lead the prayers in mosques, used mosques for political purposes, and leaflets that defiled me were delivered from the mosques. Everywhere, Islamists organized people against me and encouraged the distribution of material such as the following, literally translated:

 

Allah is the greatest - Allah is all-knowing

Insults to Islam - Muslims will never tolerate

Insults to Prophet Muhammad - we can’t stand

The supporter of BJP - Taslima be aware

The partner of Rushdie - Taslima you are in danger

The infamous Taslima - punishment we need

Atheist, apostate, betrayer - be aware be aware

 

Whose awful comments against the holy Qu’ran, the great Islam, and the prophet Muhammad and who is engaged in a conspiracy against the peace and freedom of the country, the infamous apostate, anti-Allah, the enemy of prophet Muhammad, the partner of Satan Rushdie, a toy of India’s Hindu fanatic BJP and a shame of the whole generation of women apostate shameless Taslima Nasrin

 

       1. Arrest  2. Hard punishment  3. And banning of all her objectionable writings

 

 

For this demand

A BIG public demonstration

Venue – Baitul Mokarram, The National Mosque, south gate

Date – 18th November, Thursday 1993

Time – 2 pm.

Please come to a procession with the Islamic consciousness and with the spirit of love of the country,

the nation and the prophet

 

Invitation by

on behalf of all kind of Ulama and Mashaiyekhs

 

Shaikhul Hadith Maulana) Azizul Haque and the Imans of Mosques in Bangladesh and the teachers of Madrases in Bangladesh, the Qu'ranic Schools.

 

           

Some intellectuals started writing in defense of my freedom to express myself, but they soon were astonished to see that some religionists dared to issue a fatwa against a writer and were more astonished to see that the government was silent on this issue.

          The newspapers, whether they wrote good or bad, positive or negative, comments, sold like hotcakes. Dailies, weeklies, fortnightlies, and quarterlies: all began gossiping about my personal life. My marriage was criticized, my writing against Islam was bad, my making fun of the fatwa was bad. I came across as a really bad woman. Meanwhile, Habibur Rahman began to be famous. Foreign journalists came to Bangladesh to arrange interviews. Local journalists quoted him. Fundamentalist newspapers highlighted his anti-Taslima campaign. The Soldiers of Islam came from Sylhet to Bangladesh’s capital city, Dhaka, to hold press conferences. On behalf of all Islamic scholars and pundits, Habibur Rahman exclaimed that ‘all of Taslima’s writing absolutely had to be banned, she had to be arrested, she had to be given exemplary punishment.’ At the press conference, statements such as the following were made:

             ‘Taslima sounds like a very Muslim name, but her belief, her ak-ida or devotion, her mentality is totally different. She is engaged in doing crimes against Allah by saying offensive remarks about the Holy Qu’ran, Prophet Muhammad, and Sharia law. Because of Taslima’s shamelessly daring, extremely objectionable writings, vulgarity, obscenity, illicit ideas, and adultery are spreading like an epidemic in the country and abroad. This is leading to damage not only to the Prophet’s reputation but also to Islam itself. She has teased and criticized the law of Allah. She has criticized verses of the Qu’ran: sura Emran, sura Nisa, sura Bakara, sura Huzrat, sura Wakia, sura Arrahman. Also, she has used offensive language in criticizing Muhammad. She has said that religious faith is a false faith, that all religions are fairy tales, and that religion makes people inhumane. She has written that religion has made women ugly, inferior, slaves, and sexual objects, thereby insulting women. She has blamed Allah and his prophet Muhammad for the oppression of women and the inequalities between men and woman. She claims religion has led to injustices against women, has discriminated against women, and has led to society’s instability. She has made obscene comments about believers, saying, “Shame on you who believe and follow the orders of the Hadith of Muhammad.” She encourages nudity, adultery, illicit relationships, vulgarity, and obscenity, saying, “I believe that one woman can be chaste after having sexual relations with ten men if the word chaste has anything to do with honesty.” It is dangerous for people like her to spread such statements. If it is proved that a person is against the state, has openly conspired against the state, then the punishment must be death. Similarly, if any Muslim says anything bad against Islam, the Qu’ran, or the Holy Prophet, the punishment under Sharia law is that of death!’

 

The leaders of Soldiers of Islam declared that ‘they were ready to have successful public demonstrations, processions, and general strikes or hartal, and they had three demands to the Government: (1) the immediate arrest of Taslima Nasrin; (2) the banning of all her writings; and (3) giving her exemplary punishment. These demands, they asserted, came from the hearts of all religious people.  They declared that the government was bound to fulfill the public’s demands. The government had banned her Lajja (Shame), but books a million times more objectionable had not yet been banned. The government must fulfill the demands of the Soldiers of Islam. Furthermore, a new law needed to be introduced to punish by death crimes of saying bad words against Islam, the Qu’ran, and the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh).'

 

          Demonstrations increased, and I saw them on the streets of Dhaka. Mobs came every Friday from the mosques towards my house in the Shantinagar District. They carried banners: WE DEMAND TASLIMA’S EXECUTION BY HANGING. What started as 10,000 people soon became 50,000 by the time the procession reached my house. Some police vans stood in front of my house to prevent any entry. But it was really difficult to live everyday life. A life characterized b